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A Demon of Our Own Design: Markets, Hedge Funds, and the Perils of Financial Innovation, by Richard Bookstaber
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Inside markets, innovation, and risk
Why do markets keep crashing and why are financial crises greater than ever before? As the risk manager to some of the leading firms on Wall Street–from Morgan Stanley to Salomon and Citigroup–and a member of some of the world’s largest hedge funds, from Moore Capital to Ziff Brothers and FrontPoint Partners, Rick Bookstaber has seen the ghost inside the machine and vividly shows us a world that is even riskier than we think. The very things done to make markets safer, have, in fact, created a world that is far more dangerous. From the 1987 crash to Citigroup closing the Salomon Arb unit, from staggering losses at UBS to the demise of Long-Term Capital Management, Bookstaber gives readers a front row seat to the management decisions made by some of the most powerful financial figures in the world that led to catastrophe, and describes the impact of his own activities on markets and market crashes. Much of the innovation of the last 30 years has wreaked havoc on the markets and cost trillions of dollars. A Demon of Our Own Design tells the story of man’s attempt to manage market risk and what it has wrought. In the process of showing what we have done, Bookstaber shines a light on what the future holds for a world where capital and power have moved from Wall Street institutions to elite and highly leveraged hedge funds.
- Sales Rank: #527964 in Books
- Brand: Wiley
- Published on: 2008-11-24
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x .80" w x 6.00" l, .79 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 304 pages
Features
Review
“Mr. Bookstaber wrote one of the best books about the causes of the financial crisis, A Demon of Our Own Design, and did so before the crisis erupted.”-- Floyd Norris, New York Times (June 25, 2009)
"A risk-management maven who's been on Wall Street for decades…Bookstaber's book shows us some complex strategies that very smart people followed to seemingly reduce risk—but that led to huge losses." (Newsweek)
"Mr. Bookstaber is one of Wall Street's 'rocket scientists'--mathematicians lured from academia to help create both complex financial instruments and new computer models for making investing decisions. In the book, he makes a simple point: The turmoil in the financial markets today comes less from changes in the economy--economic growth, for example, is half as volatile as it was 50 years ago--and more from some of the financial instruments (derivatives) that were designed to control risk." (The New York Times)
"Bright sparks like Mr Bookstaber ushered in a revolution that fuelled the boom in financial derivatives and Byzantine 'structured products.' The problem, he argues, is that this wizardry has made markets more crisis-prone, not less so. It has done this in two ways: by increasing complexity, and by forging tighter links between various markets and securities, making them dangerously interdependent." (The Economist)
"He understands the inner workings of financial markets...A liberal sparkling of juicy stories from the trading floor..." (The Economist)
"…smart book…Part memoir, part market forensics, the book gives an insider's view…" (Bloomberg News)
"Like many pessimistic observers, Richard Bookstaber thinks financial derivatives, Wall Street innovation and hedge funds will lead to a financial meltdown. What sets Mr. Bookstaber apart is that he has spent his career designing derivatives, working on Wall Street and running a hedge fund." (The Wall Street Journal)
"Every so often [a book] pops out of the pile with something original to say, or an original way of saying it. Richard Bookstaber, in A Demon of Our Own Design: Markets, Hedge Funds, and the Perils of Financial Innovation, accomplishes both of these rare feats." (Fortune)
"a must-read amidst the current market chaos" (BusinessWeek.com)
"Bookstaber is a former academic who went on to head risk management for Morgan Stanley and now runs a large hedge fund. He knows the subject and has written a lucid and readable book. To his aid he calls mathematics (from Bertrand Russell to Godel's theorem); physics (particularly Heisenberg's uncertainty principle); and even -- meteorology." (Financial Times)
"The book covers a lot about risk management that is relevant to capital markets conditions today and the liquidity crisis." (Financial Times, Saturday 25th August)
"...an insider's guide to markets, hedge funds and the perils of financial innovation. We saw plenty of those in 2007." (The Sunday Telegraph, Sunday 25th November 2007)
"I cannot recommend this book too highly. It is a clear exposition of what the combination of derivatives, leverage and hedge funds can do to the markets.
In short, A Demon of our Own Design is a guide to the dangerous financial markets we have created for ourselves by the clever innovations of structured finance, derivatives, credit default swaps and other newfangled products that are a mystery to the ordinary investor and even plenty of the sophisticates in the investment business. To understand the demonic risks we're taking, read this book."--Forbes.com
From the Inside Flap
It's Wall Street's most painful paradox. Investors are more sophisticated than ever, are enabled by unprecedented technology, and protected by more government oversight and regulation than at any other time in history. Yet Wall Street is becoming a riskier and riskier place. Crashes and catastrophic losses seem commonplace. Hedge funds wreck on the financial shoals with a disturbingly familiar pattern. Worse, today's financial crises do not arise from economic instability or acts of nature, but from the very design of the financial markets themselves.
In A Demon of Our Own Design, Richard Bookstaber paints a vivid picture of a financial world that is ever edging toward disaster. As a hedge fund 'rocket scientist,' Bookstaber provides an insider's perspective to the tumultuous management decisions made by some of the world's most powerful financial figures from Warren Buffett to Sandy Weill to John Meriwether,as well as recounting his own contribution to market calamities. He designed some of the complex options and derivatives that, combined with the globalization of the world's markets and the ever-increasing speed of transactions, allow markets to slide out of control. And he explains why the best efforts of institutions on the front lines to create safeguards, manage risk, and regulate the markets may end up contributing to instability. Bookstaber argues that many of the financial innovations and regulations that are supposed to level the playing field instead make the markets more dangerous for all the players, big and small.
Drawing on his intimate knowledge of such infamous disasters as the 1987 Crash and the demise of Long-Term Capital Management, Bookstaber identifies the key areas that make markets vulnerable: liquidity that begets greater leverage; innovation that creates greater complexity; and a structure that demands a nonhuman level of rationality. The twofold solution he suggests—reducing complexity and breaking the tight coupling of transactions—goes against the prevailing winds of Wall Street, but will lead to a more robust and survivable market.
From the Back Cover
Named a top business book of the year by the Financial Times, Kiplinger's Personal Finance, and Library Journal
Praise for A Demon of Our Own Design
"This book is powerful stuff. When the hero of the story is a cockroach, you are assured of a controversial, illuminating, and fascinating discovery of where the financial risks really lurk and how to avoid them. Bookstaber knows whereof he speaks."
—Peter L. Bernstein, author of Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk
"Are you ready for the real deal? An insider, everysider view of the Wall Street calamities that have kept investing tantalizingly hot and frighteningly volatile since the crash of '87. For an in-depth, curtains-open, and coolly written exposition of Wall Street, Bookstaber is my man."
—Mark Rubinstein
Professor of Finance, UC Berkeley
"He understands the inner workings of the financial markets. . . . A liberal sparkling of juicy stories from the trading floor."
—The Economist
"I cannot recommend this book too highly. It is a clear exposition of what the combination of derivatives, leverage, and hedge funds can do to the markets."
—Forbes.com
Most helpful customer reviews
168 of 178 people found the following review helpful.
The Wisdom of the Cockroach
By Mercenary Trader
In recounting his time as risk manager at a number of prominent houses (Morgan Stanley, Salomon Brothers, Citigroup etc.), Bookstaber completes the i-banking trifecta. First there was the Michael Lewis classic, Liar's Poker, detailing the juvenile bravado and macho antics of the trading floor. Then Jonathan Knee gave an intimate portrait of the i-banker deal making culture with The Accidental Investment Banker.
And now, in A Demon of Our Own Design, we get a glimpse at the risk management side of things... a sort of master plumber's walking tour through the bowels of the system, with technical descriptions of exactly what happens when pipes burst and boilers explode. (Some will find Bookstabers' level of detail intolerably dull; others will find it quite fascinating. I was in the fascinated camp.)
Nature of the beast
In describing the finer points of risk arbitrage, Bookstaber explains why it's normal -- expected even -- for trading desks to take a good whack every so often. The nature of the beast is to make relatively steady profits, month in and month out, and then give back a chunk of those profits when something goes haywire. (That's how you move huge sums on an arb desk; grind out small bets that are almost guaranteed to work, juice up the returns with leverage, and try not to be in the vicinity when the rare position goes kablooey.)
In light of this general modus operandi, perhaps it isn't surprising that the "quant" funds recently took a major hit (as of September 2007). They had been minting money for an extraordinarily long period, had the leverage to show for it, and now, after the recent "oops," seem to be generally back in business.
In fact it appears natural for much of Wall Street to work in this "make a little, lose a lot" fashion... the key idea being that all the little updrafts make up for the once-in-a-blue-moon downdrafts. (Such calculus works better for the fee collectors than the fee payers, but that's a different kettle of fish.)
Bookstaber's detail-rich description of the various trades that investment houses put on, many of them lasting years, is also enlightening. The details seem to confirm that, by and large, Wall Street is a gigantic, slow moving, conventional-returns type machine. (And what else could it be, really, with such an ocean of capital to allocate and so many jobs to fill? There is only so much creativity and contrarianism to go round.)
A dangerous combination
Risk manager war stories aside, Bookstaber's goal is to hammer home a key philosophical point regarding risk. He wants readers to understand that financial markets are inherently unstable, and this reality places limits on how far we (or anyone) should go in pursuit of outsized returns.
To make his point, Bookstaber uses various analogies to describe how the market is a highly complex, tightly coupled system... and to explain why the combination of high complexity and tight coupling is particularly dangerous.
The counterexample Bookstaber gives of a highly complex, loosely coupled system is the US Postal Service. The USPS has countless potential points of failure and myriad moving parts, but there are no catastrophic linkages involved. A lost package does not set off a disastrous daisy chain of events in which millions of packages are lost.
In contrast, the classic example of a highly complex, tightly coupled system is a nuclear reactor. The reactor is tightly coupled because any point of failure can lead to a knock-on chain reaction; one small thing going wrong can set the entire mechanism on a path to disaster. Being a highly complex, tightly coupled system, the market is less like the postal service and more like the nuclear reactor, in that the combination of aggressive leverage, complex methodologies and heavily interlocking parts leads to significant potential for catastrophe.
Exquisitely adapted
Another serious problem is Wall Street's deeply ingrained tendency to push the envelope. (Richard Lowenstein put it exceptionally well in his book Origins of the Crash: "Finance has its own Peter Principle, by which a successful model will be adapted to progressively riskier causes until it fails.")
In this habit of fighting for every inch of profit, Wall Street is like a self-evolving animal overquick to embrace the particulars of its immediate environment. The more precisely an animal is attuned to a particular "fitness landscape," the better that animal can thrive... in the short term at least, as long as everything stays just so. To be exquisitely adapted (as opposed to robustly adapted) is to be vulnerable to the slightest change.
Thus when the fitness landscape DOES change -- as it inevitably will -- the heavily specialized competitors tend to get crushed (if not go extinct). If a strategy-gone-sour broadsides a large enough group of market participants, the entire financial ecosystem can be thrown into turmoil. When the turmoil from this upheaval spills into the broader economy, wreaking havoc in its wake, the "demon" spoken of in the book's title is unleashed. (As this reviewer interprets it anyway.)
Wisdom of the cockroach
So the problem, in sum, is Wall Street's tendency to `overadapt' to every appealing landscape it encounters, building up complexity and leverage to dangerous levels in doing so.
Bookstaber's suggestion is to heed the wisdom of the cockroach.
The cockroach has survived a longer time span, and a wider variety of harsh environments, than humans could ever match. It is one of the creatures man cannot wipe out no matter how hard he tries. And yet, the cockroach's key risk management strategy is embarrassingly simple... simpler, even, than putting in a stop loss. The deeper point is that simple equals robust; by refusing to get fancy, and sticking with the tried-and-true, the cockroach ensures its reign as champion survivor.
Bookstaber uses the cockroach (and other examples from nature) to argue that we, too, should consider cutting back on our excessively specialized ways. The cost of a rough-edged strategy is forgoing excess profits in accomodative environments... but the benefit is increased likelihood of survival in a much wider range of environments, including the truly harsh ones. (As Jim Grant likes to joke, if so many of these credit-driven vehicles can barely handle prosperity, how are they supposed to fare when adversity hits?)
Harrumphs all round
Bookstaber's finger-wagging solution (be less fancy; take less risk) has the ring of common sense to it, especially in the way it frustrates all those market participants determined to have their cake and eat it too.
For those who seek to wring every last nickel out of the market (as LTCM used to brag of doing), Bookstaber argues persuasively that flying too close to the sun will always be perilous. The commitment to leveraging every edge on a broad scale inevitably leads to disaster-prone configurations, no matter how smart the players.
For those who think the answer is greater regulation of markets, i.e. more rules, Bookstaber shows how extra layers of bureaucracy can actually bring about the exact opposite of the intended affect. Perversely, layers of red tape can (and often do) make a situation more risky, by increasing confusion and complacency simultaneously.
Nor is greater information disclosure the answer. If the market's traditional liquidity providers (traders, market makers, speculators etc.) are forced to disclose their positions to the world in real time, they will react in the manner of poker players forced to play their hands face-up. To the extent that disclosure resolves uncertainty, it also drives market participants from the game. And because "liquidity is a coward" as the old saying goes, always running away when you need it most, strict disclosure rules would likely make bad market conditions worse at the least opportune times.
Some left smiling
Two groups in particular may be left smiling at the end of this book -- value investors and trend followers. In both the theory and practice of their normal operations, value investors and trend followers intuitively embraced Bookstaber's message a long long time ago, favoring longevity and robusticity over the temptations of adjusting to the moment.
It is perhaps not surprising, then, that value investors and trend followers are arguably the most profitable market participants by far on an absolute-dollar basis, hauling in hundreds of billions in profit over the course of many decades. They are champion survivors too... with a touch more class than the cockroach.
129 of 144 people found the following review helpful.
Essential context for understanding trading
By Aaron C. Brown
This is an entertaining account of 25 years of financial disasters by a smart insider who is also a keen observer and witty storyteller. Some authors take simple ideas and cloud them with hairsplitting definitions and complex equations, real mathematicians like Bookstaber effortlessly work in deep concepts like sufficient statistics and state variables without any equations or formal mathematics.
The best part of this book is the context. If you read books on individual disasters the situations come across as complex and the people as tragic geniuses. If you read the one paragraph versions favored by the business press, the underlying trades seem impossibly simple, and the protagonists seem to be morons. This book shows the euphoria of winning trades when money flows in like magic, and the confusion and shock that result from unanticipated losses. There are many reactions to these losses: cut them quickly, ride out the storm, even double up the bets. Each of these sometimes works and sometimes makes the situation worse. Only after reading all the permutations and outcomes can you understand the stark choices posed as the disasters unfold. The players are neither idiots nor geniuses, they are smart but ordinary people, facing understandable human dilemmas.
This context is precisely what is missing in the chapter on engineering disasters. If you look only at disasters, when by definition all the safety precautions failed, it's no surprise that you'll conclude safety precautions are worthless. If you only look at the most dramatic disasters, it's no surprise you'll conclude that the most ambitious, advanced, complex and tightly-coupled systems are the most prone to catastrophe. Bookstaber relies on writers I call the dismal engineers. I think optimists like Duke civil engineering professor Henry Petroski have more to say to financial risk managers. Petroski wrote "no one wants to learn from mistakes, but we can't learn enough from successes to advance the state of the art."
The chapters on biological, mathematical and quantum mechanical limits on rationality are interesting speculations. Bookstaber appears to know, or perhaps to care, more about these fields than about engineering. However even in these cases his thesis is not entirely convincing within the realm of discussion, nor is the analogy he wants to draw to finance compelling. There's another good book (or three) in these ideas, this book gives only a taste of the arguments.
Despite being a very smart guy with a quarter century of experience in cutting-edge trading, Bookstaber cannot overcome the disadvantages of being trained as an economist, especially an MIT economist. In the final analysis, he believes risk is bad. Trading is defended as socially useful when it provides liquidity, when traders exploit pricing discrepancies caused by short-term supply and demand forces. These traders stabilize the market. But at least half of trading is trend-following, which exacerbates pricing discrepancies and sucks up liquidity, destabilizing the market. To a University of Chicago finance guy, these are symmetrical market forces, both good. Bookstaber correctly points out how financially-supplied liquidity ushered in the Industrial Revolution by converting frozen wealth to dynamic capital. But he doesn't mention the momentum traders who forced prices quickly to their eventual equilibrium, sweeping aside those who try to stand in the way of progress. This is the creative destruction of capitalism. Economists are comfortable with the markets facilitating real economic decisions, spreading the inherent risk among willing investors. They are less comfortable with the market forcing real economic decisions, creating virtual risk and imposing it upon unwilling actors.
This anti-risk bias shows in the account of Tulipmania and the reflexive comparison of financial disaster to engineering disasters. No one died at Long-Term Capital Management. It's true that some financial crises, like the 1997 Asian Crisis, impose human costs, but financial crises are virtual, and therefore less harmful than the same degree of failure with physical economic experimentation, and far, far less harmful than the retarded progress if experimentation is slowed. Bookstaber celebrates the liquidity provided by a shrewd swimsuit retailer who anticipates fashion and supplies her customers' demand without excessive price increases. Nowhere does he mention the businesses that create fads, including swimsuit fashions, and thereby the need for liquidity providers. Economists like businesses that respond to exogenous consumer preferences, they have trouble with businesses that manipulate consumer preferences. But both are needed for successful dynamic economies.
None of this takes away from the fact that this is an entertaining and insightful book, essential reading for people interested in financial risk. I disagree with Bookstaber's conclusions calling for slowing market innovation and trading, but I think these are preconceptions from his early training rather than the result of his experiences since.
48 of 51 people found the following review helpful.
Treatise + autobiography + payback of former colleagues
By D. C. Carrad
Extremely well-written and thought-provoking. The author has a wide range of interests and knowledge, from yield curve behavior to cockroach survival traits, and explains them all lucidly, simply and in an entertaining and practical manner. He has a deep understanding of the workings of the financial markets, and shares several unique perspectives in this book which I have not read elsewhere, and it is extremely valuable for that reason alone. He is one of those rare geniuses who can keep his autobiographical urge to an interesting, useful and entertaining minimum, only mentioning his personal experiences when they provide insights into larger themes (cf. Black Swans). The author does occasionally use the book as a platform for payback to former colleagues who have done him wrong, but this is done with a stiletto, not a blunderbuss, and is fun to watch. Always well-written, occasionally entertaining. Very highest recommendation.
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